Urbanization and the industrialization of agriculture

城镇化和农业产业化

Zekuan Dong and K Aleks Schaefer

Heterogeneous effects of export-market preferences on deforestation in Brazil

出口市场偏好对巴西森林砍伐的异质影响

Gustavo Magalhaes de Oliveira and others

Social learning to reduce pesticides: Evidence from a French agricultural extension programme

减少农药的社会学习：来自法国农业推广计划的证据

Rose Deperrois and others

Using multiple methods to improve validity

使用多种方法提高有效性

David R Just and Jie Jiao

Intercropping can enhance long-term farm economic performance: Evidence from Swedish agriculture 2001-2018

间作可以提高农场的长期经济绩效：2001-2018 年瑞典农业的证据

Shaibu Mellon Bedi and others

The evolution and dynamics of farmer engagement in direct-to-consumer channels in France

法国农民参与直接面向消费者渠道的演变和动态

Pierre Chiaverina and Sophie Drogue

Animal welfare in non-anthropocentric cost-benefit analysis and social welfare functions: A critical review to guide practical application

非人类中心成本效益分析和社会福利函数中的动物福利：指导实际应用的严格审查

Sara Dusel and Christine Wieck

Assessing the impact of payments for environmental services on a bioeconomic supply chain equilibrium

评估环境服务付费对生物经济供应链平衡的影响

Arnaud Z Dragicevic and others

How is China shaping global food supply chains? Insights from the seed industry

中国如何塑造全球食品供应链？来自种子行业的见解

Haiyan Deng and others

Agricultural entrepreneurs' ways to innovate--From food production to tourism experience

农业企业家的创新之道——从食品生产到旅游体验

Maria Bogren and Anna Sorensson

Estimating technical efficiency at farm level when plot-level data are available

当小区级数据可用时估计农场级的技术效率

Yashree Mehta and Bernhard Brummer

Weather impact on environmental efficiency of the Irish dairy sector: A panel stochastic frontier analysis

天气对爱尔兰乳制品行业环境效率的影响：面板随机前沿分析

Md Nur Mozahid and others

Risk attitude, perception, management experience, and productivity: Evidence from a semiparametric approach and a less developed economy

风险态度、认知、管理经验和生产率：来自半参数方法和欠发达经济体的证据

Aditya R Khanal and others

Shadow pricing of carbon emissions from agriculture using spatially adaptive reference sets

使用空间自适应参考集对农业碳排放进行影子定价

Zhiyang Shen and others

Exploring the role of public investment and farm subsidy in driving farm TFP convergence across Indian states

探索公共投资和农业补贴在推动印度各邦农业全要素生产率趋同中的作用

Nusrat Akber and others

Are mixed crop-livestock regions in Europe more profitable with mixed or specialized farms?

欧洲的农作物-畜牧混合地区的混合农场或专业农场是否更有利可图？

Murilo Almeida-Furtado and others

Urbanization and the industrialization of agriculture

城镇化和农业产业化

Zekuan Dong and K Aleks Schaefer

Abstract：As urban environments expand, urban pressure is likely to generate increased competition for resources used in the agricultural sector, such as land and labor. We assess the effects of this urban pressure on the size and exit patterns for local farms. Our results suggest that the effects of urbanization on nearby farms are fundamentally heterogeneous. Increasing urban pressure causes smaller farms in neighboring areas to downsize or exit the industry, whereas large farms scale up in the face of growing urban pressures. In other words, local competition for resources as a result of urbanization can serve as an important mechanism for agricultural industrialization.

摘要：随着城市环境的扩大，城市压力可能会加剧对农业部门使用的资源（例如土地和劳动力）的竞争。我们评估了这种城市压力对当地农场规模和退出模式的影响。我们的研究结果表明，城市化对附近农场的影响从根本上来说是异质的。城市压力的增加导致农场规模缩小 邻近地区缩小规模或退出该行业，而大型农场则面临日益增长的城市压力而扩大规模。换句话说，城镇化带来的地方资源竞争可以成为农业产业化的重要机制。

全文链接：https://doi.org/10.1093/erae/jbaf044

Heterogeneous effects of export-market preferences on deforestation in Brazil

出口市场偏好对巴西森林砍伐的异质影响

Gustavo Magalhaes de Oliveira and others

Abstract：We investigate how preferences in the European Union (EU) and China as export destinations affect deforestation dynamics in Brazil at the municipal scale, using a shift-share measure to capture local exposure to foreign demand for soy as an instrument for soy exports. Our findings indicate that municipalities more exposed to increased EU export demand experienced a decline in deforestation compared with less exposed areas, and municipalities with greater exposure to export demand from China experienced increased deforestation compared with less exposed areas. We also examine implications for due diligence policies such as the EU Regulation on deforestation-free products.

摘要：我们调查了欧盟（EU）和中国作为出口目的地的优惠如何影响巴西市级森林砍伐动态，并使用转移份额措施来捕捉当地对外国大豆需求的影响，作为大豆出口的工具。我们的研究结果表明，与欧盟出口需求增加相关的城市相比，森林砍伐率有所下降。 与受辐射较少的地区相比，受中国出口需求影响较大的城市的森林砍伐量有所增加。我们还研究了尽职调查政策的影响，例如欧盟关于无森林砍伐产品的法规。

全文链接：https://doi.org/10.1093/erae/jbaf048

Social learning to reduce pesticides: Evidence from a French agricultural extension programme

减少农药的社会学习：来自法国农业推广计划的证据

Rose Deperrois and others

Abstract：Social learning is likely to play a crucial role in disseminating new agricultural technologies and driving the agroecological transition in European countries. We evaluated a French pesticide reduction programme designed to train farmers and promote practices through demonstration days on participating farms. Using pseudo-panel data from surveys conducted before and after the programme's launch, we found evidence of decreased pesticide use among cohorts linked to farms attending demonstration days. Our analysis, supported by a placebo test and various robustness checks, suggests that peer-sharing in training programmes can scale up effectively at no additional cost.

摘要：社会学习在推广新农业技术和推动欧洲国家农业生态转型方面可能发挥关键作用。我们评估了一项法国农药减量计划，该计划旨在通过参与农场的示范日向农民提供培训并推广实践。使用计划启动前后的调查伪面板数据，我们发现与参加示范日的农场相关的队列中农药使用量减少的证据。我们的分析得到了安慰剂测试和各种稳健性检查的支持，表明培训计划中的同伴分享可以有效地扩大规模，且无需额外成本。

全文链接：https://doi.org/10.1093/erae/jbaf050

Using multiple methods to improve validity

使用多种方法提高有效性

David R Just and Jie Jiao

Abstract：Behavioral research faces unique challenges in balancing internal and external validity, especially for policy-oriented studies. This paper examines the limitations of combining experimental and field data to address the "behavioral policy challenge," highlighting the need for rigorous theoretical assumptions and practical considerations. Drawing on empirical examples, we demonstrate how combining laboratory and field data can sometimes fail to ensure both causality and relevance. We propose criteria for effectively integrating multiple methods to enhance validity, offering insights for researchers aiming to establish robust evidence for behavioral phenomena in policy-making contexts.

摘要：行为研究在平衡内部效度和外部效度方面面临着独特的挑战，特别是对于政策导向的研究。本文探讨了结合实验和现场数据来解决“行为政策挑战”的局限性，强调需要严格的理论假设和实际考虑。借鉴经验例子，我们展示了如何结合 实验室和现场数据有时无法确保因果关系和相关性。我们提出了有效整合多种方法以提高有效性的标准，为旨在为政策制定背景下的行为现象建立强有力的证据的研究人员提供了见解。

全文链接：https://doi.org/10.1093/erae/jbaf055

Intercropping can enhance long-term farm economic performance: Evidence from Swedish agriculture 2001-2018

间作可以提高农场的长期经济绩效：2001-2018 年瑞典农业的证据

Shaibu Mellon Bedi and others

Abstract：We investigate the long-term economic effects of adopting intercropping using a farm-level dataset from Sweden spanning the period 2001 to 2018. Guided by a causal model framework, specifically a causal path diagram, we apply a debiased fixed-effects method that dynamically incorporates information about past farm performance into the model estimation. We also triangulate the findings from the debiased fixed-effects method with results from both semi-parametric and instrumental variable approaches. Our baseline results indicate that adopting intercropping is associated with a 5-13 per cent increase in farm net income over the long term, with significant variations observed across different farm types. In addition, the findings show that intercropping adoption predicts an increase in the gross value of total production, labor demand and intermediate costs in the long term. Finally, the results reveal that intercropping adoption mitigates the negative effects of extreme climatic conditions on farm net income.

摘要：我们使用瑞典 2001 年至 2018 年农场级数据集研究了采用间作的长期经济影响。在因果模型框架（特别是因果路径图）的指导下，我们应用了一种去偏固定效应方法，该方法动态地将有关过去农场绩效的信息纳入模型估计中。我们还对去偏的研究结果进行了三角测量 固定效应方法，具有半参数方法和工具变量方法的结果。我们的基线结果表明，从长远来看，采用间作可以使农场净收入增加 5-13%，但不同农场类型之间存在显着差异。此外，研究结果表明，间作种植的采用预示着总价值的增加 长期来看，总产量、劳动力需求和中间成本。最后，结果表明，采用间作可以减轻极端气候条件对农场净收入的负面影响。

全文链接：https://doi.org/10.1093/erae/jbaf049

The evolution and dynamics of farmer engagement in direct-to-consumer channels in France

法国农民参与直接面向消费者渠道的演变和动态

Pierre Chiaverina and Sophie Drogue

Abstract：In this study, we employ a mixed-Markov chain model to analyze the factors that influence the dynamics of farm involvement in direct-to-consumer (DTC) channels, using data from the French Agricultural Data Network (FADN). Our findings reveal low participation in DTC channels in France since 1970, along with a notable trend toward combining these channels with conventional supply chains. We also find that farmers often disengage from direct sales over time, partly due to challenges in scaling up, declining returns, and weakening demand for direct food products.

摘要：在本研究中，我们利用法国农业数据网络 (FADN) 的数据，采用混合马尔可夫链模型来分析影响农场参与直接面向消费者 (DTC) 渠道动态的因素。我们的研究结果显示，自 1970 年以来，法国 DTC 渠道的参与度较低，而且存在将这些渠道与传统供应链相结合的显着趋势。我们还发现 随着时间的推移，农民往往会脱离直接销售，部分原因是规模扩大、回报下降和对直接食品需求减弱的挑战。

全文链接：https://doi.org/10.1093/erae/jbaf040

Animal welfare in non-anthropocentric cost-benefit analysis and social welfare functions: A critical review to guide practical application

非人类中心成本效益分析和社会福利函数中的动物福利：指导实际应用的严格审查

Sara Dusel and Christine Wieck

Abstract：Cost-benefit analysis and social welfare functions are two closely related methods to evaluate policy impacts. In this critical review, we present the state of knowledge on how to include the animals' (non-anthropocentric) perspective in these policy evaluations. For this, we synthesize material from the scientific and grey literature and develop a checklist that guides through the process of non-anthropocentric cost-benefit analysis and social welfare functions. Step-by-step, the checklist gives an overview of the alternative options and normative assumptions in the literature and points to remaining research gaps.

摘要：成本效益分析和社会福利函数是评估政策影响的两种密切相关的方法。在这篇批判性评论中，我们介绍了如何将动物（非人类中心）观点纳入这些政策评估的知识状况。为此，我们综合了科学和灰色文献中的材料，并制定了一份清单来指导非人类中心的过程 成本效益分析和社会福利函数。清单逐步概述了文献中的替代方案和规范性假设，并指出了剩余的研究差距。

全文链接：https://doi.org/10.1093/erae/jbaf034

Assessing the impact of payments for environmental services on a bioeconomic supply chain equilibrium

评估环境服务付费对生物经济供应链平衡的影响

Arnaud Z Dragicevic and others

Abstract：This study evaluates the effectiveness of Payments for Environmental Services (PES) in mitigating both climate change and biodiversity loss within bioeconomic supply chains. Employing a variational inequality approach within a multicriteria decision-making framework, complemented by numerical simulations using an optimized machine learning algorithm, we find that reductions of approximately 50 per cent in greenhouse gas emissions and biodiversity loss are attainable. However, PES alone are insufficient to achieve these targets. A comprehensive strategy combining a moderate reduction in production through economic decoupling, increased environmental awareness, and targeted incentives is necessary for meaningful reductions. Our findings also indicate that supply chain participants collectively forgo 11.36 per cent of their profits when internalizing environmental externalities. Meanwhile, consumers are willing to pay only a 4.04 per cent premium for sustainable products, implying that a significant portion of these costs cannot simply be transferred to consumers. Consequently, firms must invest in greener production methods and abatement technologies to sustain profit margins while mitigating environmental impacts.

摘要：本研究评估了环境服务付费（PES）在减缓生物经济供应链中气候变化和生物多样性丧失方面的有效性。在多标准决策框架内采用变分不等式方法，并辅之以使用优化机器学习算法的数值模拟，我们发现每减少约 50 温室气体排放和生物多样性丧失是可以实现的。然而，仅 PES 不足以实现这些目标。要实现有意义的减产，就必须制定综合战略，通过经济脱钩、提高环境意识和有针对性的激励措施来适度减产。我们的研究结果还表明，供应链参与者集体 在内部化环境外部性时放弃了 11.36% 的利润。与此同时，消费者只愿意为可持续产品支付 4.04% 的溢价，这意味着这些成本的很大一部分不能简单地转嫁给消费者。因此，企业必须投资于更绿色的生产方法和减排技术，以维持利润率，同时缓解 环境影响。

全文链接：https://doi.org/10.1093/erae/jbaf031

How is China shaping global food supply chains? Insights from the seed industry

中国如何塑造全球食品供应链？来自种子行业的见解

Haiyan Deng and others

Abstract：China's global expansion of state-owned enterprises, like ChemChina and Longping High-Tech (LPHT), along with agricultural policy reforms, is revolutionizing global food supply chains. This study investigates the evolution of China's domestic seed industry, and its growing presence in the global seed market, assesses how Chinese acquisitions and the rise of local companies, such as Syngenta and LPHT, are changing the global market structure, and explores the challenges and opportunities for China and the global seed industry. The findings suggest China's current global influence is limited, mainly affecting South America's corn seed sector, though ongoing international collaborations suggest long-term potential for greater global influence.

摘要：中国化工和隆平高科等中国国有企业的全球扩张，加上农业政策改革，正在彻底改变全球食品供应链。本研究调查了中国国内种子行业的演变及其在全球种子市场中日益增长的影响力，评估了中国的收购和先正达和LPHT等本土公司的崛起如何影响中国种子行业的发展。 正在改变全球市场结构，探讨中国和全球种业面临的挑战和机遇。调查结果表明，中国目前的全球影响力有限，主要影响南美洲的玉米种子行业，尽管正在进行的国际合作表明中国具有更大全球影响力的长期潜力。

全文链接：https://doi.org/10.1093/erae/jbaf017

Agricultural entrepreneurs' ways to innovate--From food production to tourism experience

农业企业家的创新之道——从食品生产到旅游体验

Maria Bogren and Anna Sorensson

Abstract：The aim is to explore how agricultural entrepreneurs are innovative and generate new business opportunities, particularly by transforming their farms into tourism experiences. The study was conducted as a qualitative multiple case study with eight cases within agricultural industries in Europe. Data were collected through observations, interviews and documentary studies. A conclusion is that co-creation with customers drives business development forward. By involving customers in the value co-creation process, new solutions and ideas for selling products as well as services emerge. Implications include the need for enterprises to diversify themselves from their competitors and try to find their own uniqueness.

摘要：目的是探索农业企业家如何创新并创造新的商机，特别是如何将他们的农场转变为旅游体验。该研究是一项定性多重案例研究，涉及欧洲农业行业的八个案例。通过观察、访谈和文献研究收集数据。结论是共同创造 与客户一起推动业务发展。通过让客户参与价值共同创造过程，销售产品和服务的新解决方案和想法就会出现。其含义包括企业需要从竞争对手中实现多元化，并试图找到自己的独特性。

全文链接：https://doi.org/10.1093/erae/jbaf021

Estimating technical efficiency at farm level when plot-level data are available

当小区级数据可用时估计农场级的技术效率

Yashree Mehta and Bernhard Brummer

Abstract：Ownership of multiple plots by a farmer leads to hierarchical structure of data on production. Researchers use averaging of plot-level technical efficiency scores for computing the farm-level technical efficiency score. With Monte Carlo simulation, we checked the performance of averaging and that of the linear mixed effects model in estimating the true farm efficiency. We generated true efficiency scores under half-normal, normal, and skew-normal distributions of the farm-level random effect. Plot-level score averaging did not estimate the true efficiency. The linear mixed effects model preserved the ranking as well as estimated the true farm-level efficiency score.

摘要：农民对多块土地的所有权导致了生产数据的分层结构。研究人员使用地块级技术效率得分的平均值来计算农场级技术效率得分。通过蒙特卡罗模拟，我们检查了平均和线性混合效应模型在估计真实农场效率方面的性能。我们创造了真正的效率 农场水平随机效应的半正态、正态和偏正态分布下的分数。地块级得分平均并不能估计真实效率。线性混合效应模型保留了排名并估计了真实的农场效率得分。

全文链接：https://doi.org/10.1093/erae/jbaf022

Weather impact on environmental efficiency of the Irish dairy sector: A panel stochastic frontier analysis

天气对爱尔兰乳制品行业环境效率的影响：面板随机前沿分析

Md Nur Mozahid and others

Abstract：This paper assesses the influence of weather events on the environmental efficiency of Irish dairy farms. Stochastic frontier models based on distance functions (hyperbolic, enhanced and restricted) are estimated using panel data surveyed between 2017 and 2021. Our results indicate that Irish dairy farms can improve their productive performance by increasing desirable outputs by 5.49 per cent and reducing undesirable output (nitrogen surplus) by 5.20 per cent. Results also show that higher temperature and soil moisture are negatively associated with environmental efficiency. These findings highlight the importance of taking into account weather events in farm managerial decisions and policies that aim at tackling environmental challenges in the Irish dairy sector.

摘要：本文评估了天气事件对爱尔兰奶牛场环境效率的影响。使用 2017 年至 2021 年期间调查的面板数据估算基于距离函数（双曲函数、增强函数和限制函数）的随机前沿模型。我们的结果表明，爱尔兰奶牛场可以通过将理想产量增加 5.49% 并减少产量来提高其生产绩效。 不良产量（氮过剩）减少 5.20%。结果还表明，较高的温度和土壤湿度与环境效率呈负相关。这些发现凸显了在旨在应对爱尔兰乳制品行业环境挑战的农场管理决策和政策中考虑天气事件的重要性。

全文链接：https://doi.org/10.1093/erae/jbaf024

Risk attitude, perception, management experience, and productivity: Evidence from a semiparametric approach and a less developed economy

风险态度、认知、管理经验和生产率：来自半参数方法和欠发达经济体的证据

Aditya R Khanal and others

Abstract：Though high-value crops like fruits and vegetables are considered lucrative enterprises in developing countries, farmers face various risks related to the inputs and outputs of these production systems. Relatively higher initial investments, intensive care requirements in the face of farm labor shortage, and climatic and production risks challenge vegetable production. This study estimates the production function of commercial vegetable growers in Nepal, particularly emphasizing the effects of risk-related factors. The study uses a semiparametric smooth coefficient production function generalized by integrating the risk-specific variables, allowing the estimation with minimal functional form assumptions. Findings reveal that growers' attitudes toward risk, perception of risk, and risk management skills affect vegetable production directly and indirectly through input-related decisions and selection. Vegetable growers who were relatively more risk-averse experienced lower productivity than less risk-averse or neutral growers. At the same time, growers who worried about production quality, pests, and climatic risks managed higher productivity than their counterparts. Finally, the study shows heterogeneous effects of risk-related variables across production quantiles; most commercial growers operate their farms around constant or slightly decreasing returns to scale.

摘要：尽管水果和蔬菜等高价值作物在发展中国家被认为是利润丰厚的企业，但农民面临着与这些生产系统的投入和产出相关的各种风险。相对较高的初始投资、农业劳动力短缺的重症监护要求以及气候和生产风险对蔬菜生产提出了挑战。本研究估计产量 尼泊尔商业蔬菜种植者的职能，特别强调风险相关因素的影响。该研究使用通过整合特定风险变量而推广的半参数平滑系数生产函数，允许使用最小函数形式假设进行估计。调查结果揭示了种植者对风险的态度、风险认知和风险管理技能 通过与投入相关的决策和选择直接和间接影响蔬菜生产。相对规避风险的蔬菜种植者的生产率低于风险规避或中立的种植者。与此同时，担心生产质量、病虫害和气候风险的种植者的生产率高于同行。最后，研究表明异质性 风险相关变量对生产分位数的影响；大多数商业种植者以规模收益不变或略有递减的方式经营农场。

全文链接：https://doi.org/10.1093/erae/jbaf043

Shadow pricing of carbon emissions from agriculture using spatially adaptive reference sets

使用空间自适应参考集对农业碳排放进行影子定价

Zhiyang Shen and others

Abstract：We propose a novel spatially adaptive nonparametric framework for estimating shadow prices of carbon dioxide emissions (CSP) in the agriculture sector. Our approach addresses the frequently overlooked issue of spatial heterogeneity among production units. Using a city-level panel dataset from four major agricultural provinces in China during the period 2008-2023, we define spatially adaptive reference sets based on the geographical proximity among metropolitan areas rather than assuming a single production frontier. Our study highlights the importance of considering spatial heterogeneity in environmental performance analysis and proposes a policy-relevant approach for promoting sustainable development in agriculture.

摘要：我们提出了一种新颖的空间自适应非参数框架，用于估计农业部门二氧化碳排放（CSP）的影子价格。我们的方法解决了生产单位之间经常被忽视的空间异质性问题。使用2008-2023年期间中国四个主要农业省份的城市级面板数据集，我们定义了空间自适应参考 设定基于大都市区之间的地理邻近性，而不是假定单一的生产边界。我们的研究强调了在环境绩效分析中考虑空间异质性的重要性，并提出了促进农业可持续发展的政策相关方法。

全文链接：https://doi.org/10.1093/erae/jbaf045

Exploring the role of public investment and farm subsidy in driving farm TFP convergence across Indian states

探索公共投资和农业补贴在推动印度各邦农业全要素生产率趋同中的作用

Nusrat Akber and others

Abstract：This study examines the convergence in total factor productivity (TFP) and its sources across major agricultural states of India between 1990 and 2020. The study uses the system-GMM procedure, panel data and additional convergence analysis between high- and low-income states, as well as the early economic reform (1990-2004) and later economic reform (2005-2020) periods. Findings show an absolute beta-convergence for all high- and low-income states during the early reform and later reform periods. Further, an absolute beta-convergence shows a faster convergence in the later economic reform period than in the early economic reform period. The conditional beta-convergence reveals that public agricultural expenditures enhance TFP growth and convergence. The findings from this study underscore the need for investments in Indian agriculture, particularly in rural infrastructure building, connectivity, farm research and education, warehousing and storage, irrigation development and crop husbandry and rationalization of input subsidies. However, selective input subsidies are a critical source of divergence in TFP and therefore call for rationalization.

摘要：本研究考察了 1990 年至 2020 年间印度主要农业邦的全要素生产率 (TFP) 收敛及其来源。该研究使用了系统 GMM 程序、面板数据和高收入邦与低收入邦之间以及早期经济改革 (1990-2004) 和后期经济改革 (2005-2020) 时期的附加收敛分析。研究结果显示绝对 beta 收敛 适用于改革初期和改革后期的所有高收入和低收入国家。此外，绝对贝塔收敛表明，经济改革后期的收敛速度比经济改革初期的收敛速度更快。条件贝塔收敛表明，公共农业支出促进了全要素生产率的增长和收敛。这项研究的结果强调了投资的必要性 印度农业，特别是农村基础设施建设、互联互通、农业研究和教育、仓储、灌溉发展和农作物种植以及投入补贴合理化方面。然而，选择性投入补贴是全要素生产率差异的一个关键根源，因此需要合理化。

全文链接：https://doi.org/10.1093/erae/jbaf051

Are mixed crop-livestock regions in Europe more profitable with mixed or specialized farms?

欧洲的农作物-畜牧混合地区的混合农场或专业农场是否更有利可图？

Murilo Almeida-Furtado and others

Abstract：Mixed agricultural regions, which balance crop and livestock production, are often recommended to enhance resilience and sustainability. This study assesses the profit potential of mixed regions in Europe for three scenarios: (1) a combination of mixed and specialized farms, (2) mixed farms and (3) specialized farms. Using data envelopment analysis, we compare the maximum profit across scenarios. Livestock-oriented regions profit most from becoming mixed. Mixed regions are more profitable with a combination of mixed and specialized farms, favouring a greater proportion of specialized farms. However, at the farm level, it is more costly to enforce specialization than mixedness.

摘要：通常建议平衡农作物和畜牧业生产的混合农业区，以增强抵御能力和可持续性。本研究评估了欧洲混合地区在三种情况下的利润潜力：(1) 混合农场和专业农场的组合，(2) 混合农场和 (3) 专业农场。使用数据包络分析，我们比较不同场景的最大利润。以畜牧业为主 地区从混合化中获益最多。混合地区通过混合农场和专业农场的结合更有利可图，有利于更大比例的专业农场。然而，在农场层面，实行专业化比混合化的成本更高。

全文链接：https://doi.org/10.1093/erae/jbaf046