2023年6月，经过近二十年的谈判，《国家管辖范围以外区域海洋生物多样性协定》（BBNJ协定）在纽约获得通过，建立了一个规范国家管辖范围以外区域内海洋遗传资源相关活动的监管框架。BBNJ协定第二部分所确立的新制度，在国际法与海洋法如何推动作为海洋生物资源之渔业资源治理方面，造成了重大的理论、规范及制度性“断裂”。BBNJ协定在概念与规范层面上，对通过捕捞活动获得的渔业资源与因其遗传属性而具有价值的渔业资源加以区分。前者仅在被纳入BBNJ协定所规定的“利用”范畴并受到规制的情况下，方适用于协定第二部分；而后者则构成在国家管辖范围以外区域促进公平与公正收益分享这一目标的核心组成部分。本文认为，BBNJ制度框架确认了渔业资源在海洋生物多样性中的关键作用，并强调其在实现BBNJ协定主要目标中的基础性地位。与此同时，该框架针对因其遗传属性而具有价值的渔业资源设立了独立的义务体系，在共享资源的分配与分发过程中，优先体现公平与公正原则。
Abstract
In June 2023, the Agreement on Biological Diversity Beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ Agreement) was adopted in New York after nearly two decades of negotiations, establishing a regulatory framework for activities related to marine genetic resources in areas beyond national jurisdiction. The new regime under Part II of the BBNJ Agreement creates significant theoretical, normative, and institutional ‘ruptures’ in how international law and the law of the sea promote the governance of fish as a marine living resource. The BBNJ Agreement adopts a conceptual and normative separation between fish caught in fishing activities and fish valued for their genetic properties. While the former is included under Part II only if regulated as ‘utilisation’ under the BBNJ Agreement, the latter serves as a core component of the objectives to promote equity and the fair and equitable sharing of benefits in areas beyond national jurisdiction. This paper argues that the BBNJ framework recognises the essential role of fish within marine biological diversity in fulfilling the primary objectives of the BBNJ Agreement. Furthermore, it establishes independent obligations for fish valued for their genetic attributes, prioritising the principles of equity and fairness in the allocation and distribution of shared resources.
