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全球重要农业文化遗产——Europe and Central Asia

2026-04-02 14:27:13

In this region, 15 agriculture heritage systems were designated so far in 6 countries: 1 in Andorra, 2 in Austria, 3 in Italy, 6 in Spain, 1 in Tajikistan and 2 in Portugal.

在该地区，目前共有15个农业遗产系统被认定，分布在6个国家：安道尔1个，奥地利2个，意大利3个，西班牙6个，塔吉克斯坦1个，葡萄牙2个。

1in Andorra

The subalpine and supraforestal pastures of Andorra reflect the longstanding agropastoral system that local herders have developed over time. The communities living in a landlocked country with an average altitude of almost 2,000m above sea level have found a way to raise livestock on free-range and extensive grazing basis and trade it for goods and food that could not be produced locally.

安道尔的亚高山草场和森林线以上草场，体现了当地牧民长期发展形成的农牧结合体系。生活在这个内陆国家、平均海拔接近2000米的居民，探索出一种以自由放养和粗放式放牧为基础的畜牧方式，并通过贸易交换，获取本地无法生产的商品和食物。

2 in Austria

The production of hay milk is as old as the keeping of dairy animals in Europe. Throughout the Alpine region, the use of hay has been a key practice for centuries to get ruminants through the vegetation-less cold season, thus ensuring the livelihood of farming families. The landscape basis for hay farming is the permanent grassland of the mountain regions, which is managed in the form of alpine pasture farming as well as fresh grass feeding in summer and hay feeding in winter.

干草奶（hay milk）的生产历史，与欧洲饲养乳用家畜的历史一样悠久。在整个阿尔卑斯地区，数百年来，人们一直以干草作为关键做法，帮助反刍动物度过植被匮乏的寒冷季节，从而保障农户家庭的生计。干草生产的景观基础，是山区的永久性草地。这些草地通过高山牧场经营方式加以管理：夏季以鲜草放牧或鲜草饲喂为主，冬季则以干草饲喂为主，形成了季节性转换的草地利用体系。

Carp pond farming in the Waldviertel region of Lower Austria is a unique aquaculture system with a 900-year history. Using low stocking densities and traditional practices, it maintains a biodiverse pond ecosystem that connects to the surrounding forests. This sustainable practice supports biodiversity, conserves water and preserves cultural heritage through the production of high-quality carp and innovative fish products.

位于下奥地利州瓦尔德菲特尔（Waldviertel）地区的鲤鱼池塘养殖，是一种拥有900年历史的独特水产养殖系统。该体系采用低密度放养和传统养殖方式，维持了一个生物多样性丰富的池塘生态系统，并与周边森林环境形成有机联系。这种可持续的养殖实践不仅促进了生物多样性保护和水资源涵养，还通过生产高品质鲤鱼及创新型鱼类产品，传承和弘扬了地方文化遗产。

3 in Italy

The area is one of the most important areas in Italy for olive growing, and is mainly based on traditional terraces system management. Traditional knowledge has allowed the farmers to produce high quality olive oil in a sustainable way for centuries, and olive oil produced in the area is certified as DOP.

该地区是意大利最重要的橄榄种植区之一，主要采用传统梯田式管理系统。数百年来，当地农民凭借传统知识，以可持续的方式生产高品质橄榄油；该地区生产的橄榄油已获得DOP（原产地保护认证）认证。

Soave traditional vineyards are an agro-economic system which kept traditional ways to train the vines and succeeded in distributing income and security to the various stakeholders involved in the production chain. Even though it is characterized by small estates, it has succeeded in remaining competitive thanks to the cooperation and innovation.

索阿韦（Soave）传统葡萄园是一种农经结合的农业经济系统，长期保留了传统的葡萄藤整形与栽培方式，并在生产链各环节相关主体之间实现了收益与保障的合理分配。尽管该地区以小规模庄园为主，但凭借合作机制与持续创新，依然保持了较强的市场竞争力。

On the steep terraces of Italy’s Amalfi Coast, farming communities have shaped a striking landscape of lemon groves, olive trees, and vineyards overlooking the sea. Through dry-stone walling, rainwater harvesting, and manual cultivation, they sustain a biodiverse, low-impact system rooted in centuries of knowledge. This resilient heritage supports livelihoods, protects soil and water, and preserves the identity of Mediterranean mountain agriculture.

在意大利阿马尔菲海岸（Amalfi Coast）陡峭的梯田上，农业社区塑造了面向大海的壮丽景观——柠檬园、橄榄林与葡萄园层层铺展。通过干砌石墙、雨水收集以及人工耕作等方式，他们维系着一个以数百年传统知识为根基、兼具生物多样性与低环境影响的农业系统。

6 in Spain

Valle Salado of Añana (Basque), sits on a giant salt bubble from a sea that disappeared millions of years ago. Salt water that emerges from springs are channeled by an ingenious system of canals to the wells and salt pans, by the force of gravity, where it evaporates to form salt.

阿纳纳（Añana，巴斯克语称Valle Salado）坐落在一处巨大的盐丘上，这片盐丘源自数百万年前消失的海洋。泉水涌出的盐水，通过巧妙设计的渠道系统借助重力被引导至井口和盐田，在那里蒸发结晶形成盐。

In the raisins production of La Axarquía (Málaga), traditional, manual and craft technologies are used in the cultivation, harvesting, grape drying process and removal of the grapes from the bunch. It is developed in areas of steep slopes without any other agricultural alternative, and maintains the landscape by preventing erosion and desertification processes.

在马拉加（Málaga）拉阿萨尔夸里亚（La Axarquía）的葡萄干生产中，整个种植、采收、葡萄晾干及摘粒过程都依赖传统的手工工艺与技艺。这种生产方式主要分布在陡峭山坡区域，这些地区几乎没有其他农业选择。通过这种方式，当地不仅得以持续生产优质葡萄干，也有效维护了景观，防止了水土流失和土地沙化。

"Territorio Sénia" has the highest concentration of ancient olive trees in the world. The existence of 5 000 ancient olive trees of native varieties and related knowledge and tradition makes this territory unique, offering numerous opportunities for rural development, including the recovery of abandoned ancient olive trees and utilization for production.

“塞尼亚地区”（Territorio Sénia）拥有世界上最高密度的古老橄榄树群。该地区有约5000棵本地古老橄榄树，连同与之相关的传统知识，使其成为独一无二的区域。这不仅体现了丰富的文化遗产，也为乡村发展提供了多种机会，包括恢复被遗弃的古老橄榄树并加以利用进行生产。

The waterscape has been created since the Islamic times more than 1,200 years ago, as a result of cultural adaptation to climate conditions and site features. The irrigation system contributed to avoid water scarcity and made possible mosaics of fruits and vegetables cultivation in this dry and densely populated costal area.

这一水景系统自伊斯兰时期已有1200多年历史，是当地文化对气候条件和地形特征适应的产物。灌溉系统有效缓解了水资源短缺，使得在这一干旱且人口密集的沿海地区能够形成果蔬栽培的多样化“拼花”农田景观。

Agro-silvo-pastoral system of the Leon Mountains has been maintained for centuries, contributing to food security and the livelihoods of local communities. The diversity of land uses with forests (including chestnut groves, beech forests, birches, junipers, oak groves), pastures and areas under cultivation generates a space for coexistence of agriculture, livestock, forestry, gathering, hunting and fishing, giving the area great agro- ecological value.

莱昂山脉（Leon Mountains）的农林牧复合系统延续了数百年，为当地社区的粮食安全和生计提供了保障。该地区土地利用类型多样，包括森林（栗树林、山毛榉林、白桦林、杜松林、橡树林）、牧场以及耕地，为农业、畜牧业、林业、采集、狩猎和渔业的共存创造了空间，使该地区具有极高的农业生态价值。

On the arid island of Lanzarote, where black volcanic fields evoke a lunar landscape, farmers have developed a striking agricultural system. Using volcanic lapilli (enarenado) and sea sand (jable) to capture moisture and protect the soil, they grow grapes, sweet potatoes, and legumes. This approach sustains biodiversity, livelihoods and cultural heritage in one of Europe’s driest regions, largely without irrigation

在干旱的兰萨罗特岛（Lanzarote），黑色火山熔岩覆盖的土地宛如月球表面，当地农民发展出一种独特的农业系统。他们利用火山小碎石（enarenado）和海沙（jable）捕捉水分、保护土壤，种植葡萄、甘薯和豆类作物。这种方法在欧洲最干旱的地区之一，实现了生物多样性保护、维持社区生计，同时传承了丰富的农业文化遗产，而且大部分情况下无需灌溉。

1 in Tajikistan

This integrated agropastoral system in Tajikistan’s Almosi Valley combines seasonal transhumance of sheep with the cultivation of grapes, cereals, orchards, and vegetables across harsh mountain landscapes. Shaped over centuries, it supports food and livelihood security, conserves agrobiodiversity, and preserves cultural heritage. Rooted in ancestral knowledge, it sustains resilient communities facing soil erosion, water scarcity, and climate variability.

塔吉克斯坦阿尔莫西山谷（Almosi Valley）的这一综合农牧系统，将季节性羊群转场放牧与葡萄、谷物、果园及蔬菜种植相结合，适应了严酷的山地环境。经过数百年的发展与塑造，该体系不仅保障了粮食与生计安全，还保护了农业生物多样性，并传承了深厚的文化遗产。

这一体系根植于世代相传的传统知识，在应对土壤侵蚀、水资源匮乏以及气候变化等挑战方面，支撑着当地社区形成具有韧性的生产与生活方式。

2 in Portugal

Barroso is an agricultural region dominated by livestock production (mainly bovines) and crops that are typical of mountainous regions (mostly potato and rye). With human occupation for thousands of years, this area of Northern Portugal presents a pattern of land occupation marked by human activity for agriculture, forestry and grazing.

巴罗索（Barroso）是一个以畜牧业（主要为牛类养殖）为主的农业地区，同时种植典型的山地作物（以马铃薯和黑麦为主）。该地区已有数千年的人类居住历史，位于葡萄牙北部，其土地利用格局深受人类长期从事农业、林业与放牧活动的影响，呈现出鲜明的人地互动特征。

In southern Portugal, the Montado da Serra de Serpa stands out as one of Europe’s oldest agrosilvopastoral systems, where cork and holm oak woodlands are managed with remarkable ecological awareness. Through low-intensity and extensive grazing, dryland farming, and forest stewardship, communities have shaped a multifunctional landscape that conserves biodiversity, sustains rural economies, and embodies a Mediterranean model of climate resilience and land restoration.

在葡萄牙南部，塞尔帕山地蒙塔多体系（Montado da Serra de Serpa）被认为是欧洲最古老的农林牧复合系统之一。在这一体系中，软木栎与冬青栎林地以高度的生态意识加以经营和管理。

通过低强度、粗放式放牧，旱地农业耕作以及森林抚育，当地社区塑造出一种多功能景观：既保护了生物多样性，维系了乡村经济，也体现出地中海地区在气候韧性与土地修复方面的典型模式与实践智慧。