东北林业大学最新eScience 一种结合相变水凝胶的太阳能蒸发器,可实现可持续的渗透能收集,适用于可持续能源利用.
亮点•
一种封装式相变水凝胶（EPCH）能够实现防污功能以及自我适应的温度调节，从而确保太阳能蒸发过程的稳定进行。•
EPCH耦合的反向电渗析（RED）能够在复杂环境中实现稳定的水能产出。
通过整合生态农业循环系统（EPCH）、资源回收系统（RED）和水培技术，实现了水-能源-食物的协同平台。
水-能源-食物（WEF）关联体系对于应对全球资源危机至关重要，但系统间的相互制约关系给整体管理带来挑战。界面蒸发驱动的渗透能收集平台提供了一种前瞻性解决方案，可通过海水蒸发和高盐度梯度同步实现淡水与电能生产。然而，蒸发器中太阳能波动及盐分/油污污染问题会降低水与电的输出效率及系统耐久性。为解决这些难题，本研究研制出一种封装相变水凝胶（EPCH），将具有不同润湿特性的相变水凝胶（PCH）集成于聚氨酯海绵基体中。其超疏水光热层确保了高效的光吸收与光热转换性能，而嵌入的相变化微胶囊可通过储存与释放潜热缓解太阳能间歇性问题。侧向亲水性聚多巴胺涂层能促进离子/水的快速传输，其水下超疏油特性可实现对含油海水的有效淡化。PCH的引入使太阳能利用效率提升27%，而EPCH耦合的反向电渗析（RED）装置相较于未耦合结构，功率密度显著提升146%。本研究提出了一种精细化的WEF平台优化多耦合框架，通过材料工程与系统集成推动了可持续资源管理的进步。
Fig. 1. Design and operating mechanisms of the integrated platform. (a) Fabrication process of EPCH. (b) Schematic illustration of simultaneous production of freshwater vapor and high-salinity brine during the solar-driven evaporation process. The EPCH’s multilevel micro/nano-structured surface enhances light capture and solar-to-thermal conversion through long internal optical-path lengths. The superhydrophobicity prevents water from wetting, thereby inhibiting the attachment of pollutants and the formation of salt crystals. (c) The combination of hydrogel network and PCMs endows PCH with the ability to reduce evaporation enthalpy via disruption of intermolecular hydrogen bonding in water, and regulate thermal energy through reversible solid–liquid transitions, thereby ensuring the efficiency and continuity of evaporation. (d) Photograph of the platform. The black arrows indicate the direction of water flow. (e) The operating mechanism of the platform. (f) Radar plots comparing the performance of EPCH, JE and uncoupled RED, with the integrated platform normalized to the maximum value of each characteristic.
Fig. 2. Characterization and desalination performance of EPCH. (a) SEM images: i. PDA/PU, ii. Absorber (EPCH-15), iii. PCH, and iv. PCMs. (b) Optical images of 5 μL water droplets placed on the PDA/PU (top row) and absorber (bottom row), and methylene blue-dyed water droplets that reside on the absorber (bottom row). (c) Photograph showing the bright water ring around the EPCH. (d) The meniscus around the EPCH prevents direct contact between the EPCH and oil. (e) Underwater oil contact angle analysis of the PDA/PU. (f) Water mass changes of EPCHs prepared with different spray doses under one sun illumination and darkness. (g) UV-vis absorption spectra of the samples in the wavelength ranged from 200 to 850 nm. (h) Infrared images of the EPCH floating on seawater under one sun illumination. (i) Metal ion concentrations of four brine samples before and after purification. (j) EPCH’s surface temperature and (k) mass change of water during interface evaporation, under alternating light (orange areas, one sun)–dark (blue areas, 0 sun) conditions.
Fig. 3. Mechanism and performance of enhanced power generation by EPCH-coupled RED. (a) Schematic illustration of enhanced electricity generation based on EPCH-coupled RED. (b) Variation trends of water salinity with and without the coupling of EPCH. (c) Salt concentration of seawater with and without water replenishment under one sun illumination. The dashed lines in the insets represent the corresponding water level lines before and after 5 h of evaporation. (d) The open-circuit voltage of the uncoupled and EPCH-coupled RED systems. (e) Current–voltage curves and (f) output power of the EPCH-coupled RED. (g) Durability test under one sun illumination. (h) Output power of the EPCH- and JE-coupled RED systems, under alternating light (orange areas, one sun)–dark (blue areas, 0 sun) conditions.
Fig. 4. Self-adaptive thermal regulation in the EPCH-coupled RED and water/electricity production in real environment. (a) Energy balance in JE (Mode I) and EPCH (Mode II) during solar-driven interfacial evaporation. The size of the arrow represents the magnitude of the energy. (b) The subdivided energy flows in JE (left) and EPCH (right) during seawater desalination, at the given illumination of 1 kW m−2. (c) Thermal efficiencies of JE and EPCH (red columns), and power outputs based on uncoupled and EPCH-coupled RED (blue columns) systems. (d) Water/electricity production performance of RED systems coupled with JE and EPCH under real environmental conditions. The data were collected between 5:00 and 19:00 on June 17th, 2024, at a location in Yantai, China.
Fig. 5. Discharge water cultivation and the synergistic operation among the three modules. (a) Concentrations of four primary ions (Na, Mg+2+, K, Ca+2+) in seawater, surface water and discharge water. (b) Photographs depicting the growth of rye seeds irrigated with different water types. (c) Seedling height of rye irrigated with different water types. (d) Schematic diagram illustrating the synergistic operation among the three modules showcases the platform’s capability to simultaneously produce clean water, green electricity, and agricultural water. The platform consists of three modules (labeled as 1, 2 and 3, respectively, as indicated by the dashed circles): interface evaporation, power generation and hydroponic cultivation.
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