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农业研学之乡土农具科普

  • 2026-08-19 20:16:49
农业研学之乡土农具科普
犁（耕犁）
犁是传统农耕的核心主力农具，已有数千年使用历史，也是“春耕”的标志性工具。传统犁多为木架铁铧结构，主要由犁辕、犁扶手、犁底、铸铁犁铧四部分组成，整体长约两米，依靠牛、驴等牲畜牵引，部分地区也可人力推拉作业。

其核心功能是深耕翻土，将深层生土翻至表层，掩埋杂草、秸秆和虫卵，同时疏松板结的土壤，耕作深度可达10厘米左右，旧时每日可耕地2至4亩，是古代开荒、春耕的必备工具。如今，传统犁已被旋耕机、耕地机替代，成为极具代表性的农耕文化展品。

耙（铁耙/木耙）
耙是犁地后的配套整地农具，有木制、铁制两种，整体为方形框架结构，底部排列整齐耙齿。犁地后的土地土块大小不均、高低不平，需要用耙进行二次整地。

作业时由牲畜牵引，人工手扶把控方向，通过耙齿碾压、梳理土壤，打碎大块硬土、平整土地，同时梳理掉田间残留的草根、碎石，让土壤细碎松软，保证后续播种深浅均匀、出苗整齐，是传统农耕中不可或缺的精细整地工具。

锄头
锄头是最常见、最基础的乡土农具，由木制长柄和铁质锄板组成，结构简单、功能多元，适配各类田间作业。
核心用途为田间除草、松土、破板结，作业时通过推、拉、刨、锄等动作，清除田间杂草，避免杂草争夺作物养分，同时疏松表层土壤，减少水分蒸发，起到保墒抗旱的作用。民间俗语“锄头底下三分水”，精准概括了锄头的农耕价值，是农户日常劳作使用频率最高的农具。
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  1. CONNECT:[ UseTime:0.001159s ] mysql:host=127.0.0.1;port=3306;dbname=h_mffb;charset=utf8mb4
  2. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `fenlei` [ RunTime:0.001511s ]
  3. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `fid` = 0 [ RunTime:0.000732s ]
  4. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `fid` = 63 [ RunTime:0.000691s ]
  5. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `set` [ RunTime:0.001404s ]
  6. SELECT * FROM `set` [ RunTime:0.005430s ]
  7. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `article` [ RunTime:0.001905s ]
  8. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` = 570771 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.001264s ]
  9. UPDATE `article` SET `lasttime` = 1787142399 WHERE `id` = 570771 [ RunTime:0.008695s ]
  10. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `id` = 64 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000278s ]
  11. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 570771 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000491s ]
  12. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` > 570771 ORDER BY `id` ASC LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000789s ]
  13. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 570771 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 10 [ RunTime:0.011981s ]
  14. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 570771 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 10,10 [ RunTime:0.014281s ]
  15. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 570771 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 20,10 [ RunTime:0.018093s ]
0.262075s