Nitrogen fertilisers sustain yields but increase greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and water pollution. This review synthesises field experiments, meta-analyses and life cycle assessments (LCAs) published through 2024 on fertiliser technologies and management strategies that raise nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and reduce cropland nitrogen losses. Loss pathways include nitrous oxide (N2O), ammonia (NH3) volatilisation and nitrate (NO3⁻) leaching; these pathways are shaped by soil properties, climate and management. Four product classes are assessed: enhanced-efficiency fertilisers (EENFs), bio-based and organo-mineral amendments, recovered nutrient products, and low-carbon synthetic fertilisers. For each class, mechanisms and measured effects on N2O, NH3 and NO3⁻ losses and crop yield are summarised. Integrated nutrient management is evaluated, including variable-rate application, sensor-guided decisions and coordinated irrigation, to align nitrogen supply with crop demand. Performance is compared across climates, soil textures and farming systems, with reported effects on soil health indicators. Adoption barriers include costs, operational complexity and regulatory conditions, alongside policy instruments supporting uptake. Monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) requirements are outlined to quantify field-scale emission reductions. The evidence shows that novel fertilisers, when matched to soil, climate and crop context, can cut N2O emissions while sustaining yields across many contexts. Evidence gaps include long-term field studies, smallholder systems and next-generation fertiliser formulations and delivery systems.

氮肥是保障作物高产的重要投入品，但同时也会增加温室气体（GHG）排放和水体污染风险。本文系统综述了截至2024年发表的田间试验、Meta分析和生命周期评价（Life Cycle Assessments, LCAs）研究成果，重点评估能够提高氮素利用效率（Nitrogen Use Efficiency, NUE）并减少农田氮素损失的肥料技术和管理策略。农田氮素损失主要包括氧化亚氮（N2O）排放、氨（NH3）挥发以及硝酸盐（NO3⁻）淋失，其发生过程受到土壤性质、气候条件和管理措施的共同影响。本文重点评估了四类新型肥料产品：增效型肥料（Enhanced-Efficiency Nitrogen Fertilisers, EENFs）、生物基和有机-无机复合改良材料、养分回收产品以及低碳合成氮肥。针对每一类产品，系统总结了其作用机制及其对N2O排放、NH3挥发、NO3-淋失和作物产量的实际影响。同时，本文还评估了综合养分管理策略，包括变量施肥技术、传感器引导决策以及灌溉协同管理等措施，以实现氮素供应与作物需求的精准匹配。研究进一步比较了不同气候条件、土壤质地和农业生产体系下各类技术的应用效果，并分析了其对土壤健康指标的影响。当前技术推广仍面临成本较高、操作复杂以及政策和监管条件限制等障碍，但相关政策激励措施正在促进其应用。文章还阐述了监测、报告与核查（Monitoring, Reporting and Verification, MRV）体系的要求，以实现农田尺度温室气体减排效果的量化评估。现有证据表明，当新型肥料能够根据土壤条件、气候环境和作物需求进行合理匹配时，可在维持作物产量的同时显著降低N2O排放。然而，当前研究仍存在一些重要不足，包括缺乏长期定位田间试验数据、对小农户生产体系关注不足，以及新一代肥料配方和养分递送技术研究相对滞后等问题。