世界贸易组织渔业补贴协定对《联合国海洋法公约》下权利与义务的影响

濑田真

Makoto Seta

日本东京早稻田大学亚太研究科副教授

尽管国际社会普遍谴责非法、未报告和无管制捕鱼，并于1999年通过了《防止、制止和消除非法、未报告和无管制捕鱼国际行动计划》，但此类捕鱼行为仍在持续。虽然渔业和海洋环境并非世界贸易组织的主要关注重点，但经过20年的谈判，最终于2022年6月达成了《渔业补贴协定》。该协定的解释和适用必然会影响缔约国在《联合国海洋法公约》下的权利和义务，后者为所有海洋空间活动确立了法律框架。事实上，国际海洋法国际法庭在解释和适用条约条款时，已经开始纳入其他国际法规则，例如其在2024年气候变化咨询意见中所体现的做法。因此，本研究探讨了《渔业补贴协定》（尤其是与非法、未报告和无管制捕鱼相关的条款）对《联合国海洋法公约》下权利与义务的影响。研究认为，该协定将影响多个方面，包括但不限于：专属经济区沿海国的主权权利；相互“适当顾及”义务；船旗国在行政、技术及社会事务上的职责；遵守其他国际法规则的义务；以及保护和维护海洋环境的义务。

Abstract

Illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing continues despite global condemnation and the adoption of the International Plan of Action to Prevent, Deter, and Eliminate Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated Fishing in 1999. Although fisheries and the marine environment are not the primary emphasis of the World Trade Organization,20 years of negotiations culminated in the Agreement on Fisheries Subsidies (AFS) in June 2022. The interpretation and application of the AFS will inevitably influence State parties’ rights and obligations under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), which establishes the legal framework for all marine space activities. Indeed, UNCLOS tribunals are already incorporating external rules of international law when interpreting and applying treaty provisions, as highlighted in the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea’s Climate Change Advisory Opinion in 2024. Accordingly, this study investigates the influence of the AFS, particularly provisions concerning IUU fishing, on UNCLOS rights and obligations. It argues that the AFS will have an impact on, inter alia, sovereign rights of exclusive economic zone coastal States; due regard obligations; flag States’ duties over administrative, technical, and social matters; the obligation to comply with other rules of international law; and obligations to protect and preserve the marine environment.