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《中国哲学简史》S02E03 农业的价值

  • 2026-05-17 17:08:15
《中国哲学简史》S02E03 农业的价值

S02E03 农业的价值
2016.08.07
夏鹏
CSE6

思维导图:


听课笔记:

前面一段主要讲的是中国古代重农抑商的核心观念,也就是“本末”思想,对应英文表述为“emphasize the root and slight the branch”。接下来我们深入探讨农业的核心价值,这一部分的主题即为Value of Agriculture(农业的价值)。

Value of Agriculture
农业的价值

In the Lü-shih Ch'un-ch'iu, a compendium of various schools of philosophy written in the third century B.C., there is a chapter titled "The Value of Agriculture."

《吕氏春秋》是公元前3世纪,由吕不韦带领门客编撰而成,英文原文将其定义为“a compendium of various schools of philosophy”,
“compendium”可理解为各哲学学派思想的综述、简明纲要或简明百科全书。

提及吕不韦,他本身是商人,却具备极强的政治眼光,为当时的嬴政做出诸多政治投资,虽处于士农工商阶层的末位,却心怀政治抱负,由他主持编撰的《吕氏春秋》,也成为了先秦思想集大成的典籍。

《吕氏春秋》中有一章,核心探讨农业价值,原文标题为《上农》,即推崇农业、以农为上,冯友兰先生将其译为“The Value of Agriculture”。

In this chapter a contrast is made between the mode of life of people who are engaged in the "root" occupation-the farmers, and that of those who are engaged in the "branch" occupation-the merchants.
这一章节专门对比了从事“本业”的农民与从事“末业”的商人,两种群体的生活方式差异。

The farmers are primitive and simple and therefore always ready to accept commands.
文中对农民的特质做出如下界定:农民primitive and simple,此处不可译为“原始”,而是指思想朴素、心性单纯,因此乐于顺从政令;

They are childlike and innocent and therefore unselfish.
他们childlike and innocent,如孩童般天真无邪,故而不自私自利。

当然,这一观点有其时代局限性。中国传统文化中,始终将朴素单纯视为国民美德并加以弘扬,但从小农经济衍生出的小农意识来看,其并非全然天真无私。若以弗洛伊德的人格发展理论分析,人成长初期处于本我阶段,核心以自我需求为中心,因此《吕氏春秋·上农》中对农民的这一论证,逻辑上并不完全成立,但也代表了当时的主流认知视角。

Their material properties are complex and difficult to move,
这一表述符合客观事实:农业属于固定性产业,农民财产繁杂且难以迁移,
and therefore they do not abandon their country when it is in danger.
因此国家遭遇危难时,农民不会轻易弃国而去,这也恰恰契合了中国传统文化中“安土重迁”的核心理念。

中国作为大陆型国家,孕育出典型的土地文明,整体呈现静态发展的特质,正如孔子所言“智者动,仁者静”,这种文明特性,正是由农业生产的固定性所决定的。

Merchants, on the other hand, are corrupt and therefore not obedient.
反观商人阶层,《吕氏春秋》中给出了截然相反的评价:商人corrupt and therefore not obedient,品性奸猾、不愿顺从管束,这一词汇与前文农民的“innocent”形成鲜明对比。

在我看来,“corrupt”一词用词过重,这是受当时重农抑商思想的主观影响。

结合西方文明来看,古希腊以商业贸易为核心,频繁的商贸往来让人们接触不同文化与信仰,进而催生了怀疑精神,这也是西方哲学与文明的核心特质之一。因此,商人并非腐败,而是更具灵活性与思辨性,即“flexible”“skeptical”。

They are treacherous and therefore selfish.
文中还指出商人treacherous and therefore selfish,奸诈自私,这也是中国古代对商人的刻板偏见,诸如“无商不奸”“唯利是图”等评价,均带有明显的阶层偏见。

They have simple properties which are easy to transport, and therefore they usually abandon their country when it is in danger.
加之商人财产简易、便于转移,即simple properties which are easy to transport,因此国家逢难时,商人更容易弃国逃离。

Hence this chapter asserts that not only is agriculture economically more important than commerce, but the mode of life of the farmers is also superior to that of the merchants.
基于以上对比,《吕氏春秋·上农》章明确断言:农业不仅在经济层面比商业更为重要,农民的生活方式也远比商人更高尚。

此处“superior to”为固定搭配,意为“优于、高于”,其反义词“inferior to”则表示“劣于、低于”。

Herein lies "the value of agriculture." (XXVI, 3.) The author of this chapter found that the mode of life of people is conditioned by their economic background, and his evaluation of agriculture again shows that he was himself conditioned by the economic background of his time.

这一章节的作者深刻意识到,人的生活方式受经济背景的制约,而他推崇农业的思想,本身也被其所处时代的经济背景所影响。这一观点,恰好印证了马克思主义历史观中经济基础决定上层建筑的核心理论:人所处时代的经济形态与经济关系,直接决定了人的认知,进而形成对应的价值观与世界观。

译文:着于公元前三世纪的《吕氏春秋》书中,辑有各家哲学撮要,有一章名为《上农》,其中比较农民的生活方式和商人的生活方式,认为农民像婴儿那样单纯朴实,惯于顺服长上,比较不自私,他们的物质财产复杂多样、难于移动,因此,国家遭难时,农民不会弃置不颐,商人则自私奸诈, 计谋多、不顺服,他们的财产简单、易于转移,因此国家有难时,商人往往自己逃跑,不顾国家。这一章认为,把农业和商业相比,不仅农业对国家更重要,而且农民的生活方式也比商人的生活方式高尚。这就是为什么要以农业为上。(见《吕氏春秋》第二十六篇第三节)这一章的作者看出:人的生活方式受经济背景的制约,而他以农业为上的思想又显示那个时代的经济背景对他的思想制约。

In this observation of the Lü-shih Ch'un-ch'iu, we find the root and source of the two main trends of Chinese thought, Taoism and Confucianism.
在《吕氏春秋》这本书中,我们找到了中国两大主流思想思潮的根源,“the root and source”这一表达极具中国特色,道家思想与儒家思想,正是以此为源头。

They are poles apart from one another, yet they are also the two poles of one and the same axis. They both express, in one way or another, the aspirations and inspirations of the farmer.
在此基础上再看中国思想流派,道家与儒家看似poles apart,如同南极与北极一般截然对立,但二者同属一个核心轴心,即the two poles of one and the same axis。这个共同的轴心,就是尚农思想。

儒道两家虽主张迥异,却都从不同角度,表达了农民的诉求与精神向往,即the aspirations and inspirations of the farmer。冯友兰先生也以此为核心,勾勒出中国哲学的核心脉络:中国作为大陆国家,受地理环境影响形成安土重迁的文化,确立农业为本、商业为末的经济格局;以农业为经济基础,进而催生尚农核心思想;儒道两家虽立场对立,却始终围绕尚农思想展开,根源均与农民诉求高度契合。

后续我们将进一步讲解,支撑这一农民思想核心的“反者道之动”哲学理念,深入探究农业文明背后的深层思想逻辑。


译文:从《吕氏春秋》的观察中,反映出中国哲学里道家和儒家关于社会、经济两派思想的根源。这两派思想主张如同两极那样背反,但它们又像同一个轴的两极,两个方面都同样反映了农民的思想。

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  1. CONNECT:[ UseTime:0.000434s ] mysql:host=127.0.0.1;port=3306;dbname=h_mffb;charset=utf8mb4
  2. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `fenlei` [ RunTime:0.000606s ]
  3. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `fid` = 0 [ RunTime:0.000301s ]
  4. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `fid` = 63 [ RunTime:0.000294s ]
  5. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `set` [ RunTime:0.000554s ]
  6. SELECT * FROM `set` [ RunTime:0.000261s ]
  7. SHOW FULL COLUMNS FROM `article` [ RunTime:0.000597s ]
  8. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` = 525305 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.020572s ]
  9. UPDATE `article` SET `lasttime` = 1779081523 WHERE `id` = 525305 [ RunTime:0.003803s ]
  10. SELECT * FROM `fenlei` WHERE `id` = 64 LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.000727s ]
  11. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 525305 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.003202s ]
  12. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` > 525305 ORDER BY `id` ASC LIMIT 1 [ RunTime:0.005241s ]
  13. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 525305 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 10 [ RunTime:0.010379s ]
  14. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 525305 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 10,10 [ RunTime:0.014879s ]
  15. SELECT * FROM `article` WHERE `id` < 525305 ORDER BY `id` DESC LIMIT 20,10 [ RunTime:0.010592s ]
0.148419s