非洲农业的落后并非单一因素导致，而是自然禀赋利用低效、基础设施短板、产业体系畸形、治理与投入不足、气候与生态制约多重因素叠加的结果，且多数问题延续数十年，成为难以突破的发展瓶颈。
The underdevelopment of African agriculture stems not from a single factor, but from the compounding effects of inefficient utilization of natural endowments, inadequate infrastructure, distorted industrial systems, insufficient governance and investment, as well as climatic and ecological constraints. Most of these issues have persisted for decades, forming developmental bottlenecks hard to break through.
（一）生产模式原始粗放，土地产能持续透支(1) Primitive and Extensive Production Patterns Leading to Sustained Overexploitation of Land Productivity
非洲农业主体以小农分散耕作为主，80%以上的农业生产者耕种面积不足2公顷，千年以来延续刀耕火种、靠天吃饭的原始模式。生产环节几乎无精细化管理，不深耕、不施肥、不养护土壤，普遍采用“垦荒—种植—弃耕”的粗放模式，一季种植便耗尽土地肥力，最终导致沃土荒漠化、土地产能持续衰退。同时，农业现代化工具适配性极差。过往外来机械化改造多盲目引入大型重型设备，忽视非洲细碎化耕地、复杂山地地形的本土特征，且缺乏配套的资金支持、技术培训、维修售后体系，导致大量农机闲置报废，机械化普及率长期低于10%。良种、科学种植技术普及度极低，本土农作物抗灾、抗病虫害能力弱，单产常年低位徘徊，土地资源优势完全未能转化为产能优势。
Smallholder scattered farming dominates African agriculture. Over 80 percent of agricultural producers cultivate less than two hectares of land, relying on the primitive slash-and-burn, rain-fed farming model that has endured for thousands of years. There is barely any refined management throughout production processes: farmers skip deep ploughing, fertilization and soil conservation. The prevalent extensive cycle of land clearing, cropping and land abandonment depletes soil fertility after just one growing season, ultimately turning fertile land into desert and triggering a steady decline in land productivity. Furthermore, modern agricultural machinery is poorly suited to local conditions. Past mechanization programmes blindly introduced large heavy-duty equipment without accounting for Africa’s fragmented farmlands and rugged mountainous terrain. In addition, the absence of supporting financing, technical training and maintenance services has left a large number of farm machines idle and scrapped, keeping the mechanization rate below 10% for years on end. Improved crop varieties and scientific cultivation techniques are rarely adopted. Local crops have weak resistance to natural disasters and pests, resulting in chronically low crop yields. The continent’s abundant land resources have thus failed to translate into productive advantages.
（二）基础设施薄弱，产销链条全面断裂(2) Weak Infrastructure and Broken Production-Marketing Chains
基础设施滞后是制约非洲农业产业化的核心硬短板。水利设施极度匮乏，非洲多数区域无完善灌溉系统，90%以上的农业种植完全依赖自然降雨，降雨时空分布不均直接导致旱涝灾害频发，农作物产量极不稳定。交通物流体系残缺，非洲农村公路覆盖率极低，田间道路、跨区域运输通道缺失，成熟农产品难以外运，大量粮食在田间、仓储环节腐烂损耗。同时，冷链仓储、粮食加工设施稀缺，非洲农业长期停留在“原始种植、原料外销”阶段，无深加工、无附加值，农产品损耗率远超全球平均水平，丰产不丰收成为普遍现象。电力、网络等基础配套不足，进一步阻碍了规模化种植、标准化仓储与数字化管理的落地。
Lagging infrastructure constitutes a major tangible bottleneck restricting the industrialization of African agriculture. Water conservancy facilities are extremely scarce; most regions across Africa lack sound irrigation systems, with over 90 percent of farmland entirely reliant on rainfall. Uneven temporal and spatial distribution of precipitation frequently triggers droughts and floods, rendering crop yields highly volatile. The transportation and logistics network remains incomplete. Rural road coverage in Africa is extremely low, with a dearth of farm access roads and interregional transport routes. Ripe agricultural products cannot be transported out smoothly, and massive volumes of grain rot and go to waste in fields and storage facilities. In addition, cold-chain storage and grain processing installations are in short supply. African agriculture has long been trapped in a stage of crude cultivation and raw material exports, devoid of deep processing and value addition. Its agricultural product wastage rate far exceeds the global average, making abundant harvests fail to bring decent income a common occurrence. Insufficient supporting utilities such as electricity and internet further hinder the rollout of large-scale farming, standardized warehousing and digital management.
（三）资金投入严重不足，政策落地流于形式(3) Severe Shortage of Capital Investment and Formalistic Implementation of Policies
农业高投入、长周期、低回报的属性，导致非洲各国对农业的重视与投入长期缺位。数据显示，撒哈拉以南非洲国家农业支出占政府总预算的比例不足5%，远低于非盟《马普托宣言》《马拉博宣言》承诺的10%以上标准。政府财政投入不足的同时，社会资本、外资参与意愿低迷。非洲农业风险高、回报不稳定，金融机构几乎无针对性的农业信贷、保险产品，小农与中小型农业企业融资难、融资贵问题突出。此外，非洲多国农业政策缺乏连续性、执行力薄弱，土地产权界定模糊、农业补贴政策碎片化，部分惠农政策仅停留在纸面，难以落地见效，无法形成稳定的农业发展保障体系。
Agriculture is characterized by high input costs, long production cycles and low returns, which explains why African countries have long failed to attach adequate importance to the sector and allocate sufficient funding. Statistics indicate that agricultural spending accounts for less than 5% of total government budgets in sub-Saharan African nations, far below the benchmark of over 10% pledged in the African Union’s Maputo Declaration and Malabo Declaration. Alongside inadequate fiscal investment from governments, domestic private capital and foreign investors show little enthusiasm for agricultural engagement. African agriculture is fraught with high risks and volatile returns, while financial institutions offer virtually no tailor-made agricultural credit or insurance products. Smallholder farmers and medium-small agribusinesses face acute difficulties in accessing affordable financing. Furthermore, agricultural policies in many African states suffer from poor continuity and weak enforcement. Ambiguous land ownership rights and fragmented agricultural subsidy schemes prevail. Some pro-farmer policies remain merely on paper and can hardly be implemented to yield tangible outcomes, making it impossible to build a stable support system for agricultural development.
（四）产业结构畸形，依赖单一初级农产品(4) Distorted Industrial Structure and Dependence on Single Primary Agricultural Products
非洲农业长期陷入殖民式单一种植经济的历史桎梏，产业结构极度失衡。多数国家长期集中种植咖啡、可可、棉花、橡胶等少数经济作物，粮食作物种植规模被持续挤压，粮食自主保障能力彻底丧失。在全球贸易体系中，非洲仅承担初级原料供应角色，无农产品深加工产业链，出口产品附加值极低，完全受制于国际市场价格波动。同时，农业与加工、物流、销售产业脱节，一二三产业融合度极低，无法形成产业闭环，农业对国民经济的带动作用微弱，难以创造高质量就业，大量农业劳动力流向低附加值服务业，进一步制约农业发展升级。
African agriculture has long been trapped in the historical shackles of colonial monoculture, resulting in a severely unbalanced industrial structure. Most countries have for decades focused on cultivating a narrow range of cash crops such as coffee, cocoa, cotton and rubber, while the acreage for food crops has been continuously squeezed, leading to a complete loss of food self-sufficiency capacity. Within the global trading system, Africa merely acts as a supplier of raw primary materials without industrial chains for deep agricultural processing. Its exports carry minimal added value, leaving the continent fully vulnerable to swings in international commodity prices. In addition, agriculture is disconnected from processing, logistics and distribution sectors, with extremely low integration of primary, secondary and tertiary industries. A complete industrial loop cannot be formed, so agriculture exerts little driving force on national economies and fails to generate high-quality jobs. Masses of agricultural laborers shift to low-value-added service sectors, which further hinders the upgrading of agricultural development.
（五）气候生态脆弱，灾害风险持续加剧(5) Fragile Climate and Ecology with Escalating Disaster Risks
非洲是全球气候变化最敏感、受影响最严重的大陆。全球变暖导致非洲极端天气频发，干旱、蝗灾、洪涝、荒漠化问题逐年加剧，持续破坏耕地生态与种植条件。长期粗放的耕作模式、过度垦荒、乱砍滥伐，进一步加剧土壤沙化、水土流失，形成“生态破坏—产能下降—过度垦荒—生态进一步恶化”的恶性循环。传统农业模式无生态修复、灾害防控体系，面对气候风险毫无抵御能力，粮食生产稳定性持续弱化。
Africa is the continent most sensitive to and severely affected by global climate change. Global warming has triggered frequent extreme weather events across the continent, with droughts, locust plagues, floods and desertification worsening year by year, continuously damaging cultivated land ecosystems and growing conditions. Long-term extensive farming, excessive land reclamation and deforestation have further intensified soil desertification and water erosion, creating a vicious cycle: ecological degradation leads to lower productivity, which in turn drives more reckless land clearing and exacerbates environmental deterioration. Traditional agricultural systems lack mechanisms for ecological restoration and disaster prevention and control, leaving them completely defenseless against climate risks and steadily undermining the stability of grain production.
二、适配非洲国情的农业发展“新”思路II. New Thinking on Agricultural Development Adapted to Africa’s National Conditions
针对非洲农业根深蒂固的结构性难题，传统照搬欧美规模化、工业化农业的模式完全水土不服。近年来，依托数字技术赋能、本土生态适配、中非务实合作、区域一体化整合、轻量现代化改造的全新思路，精准破解非洲农业痛点，走出一条低成本、可持续、本土化的现代化路径。
Against Africa’s deep-rooted structural agricultural woes, the conventional approach of mechanically copying the large-scale, industrialized farming model from Europe and America has proven entirely incompatible with local realities. In recent years, a set of innovative ideas centering on digital empowerment, eco-localized adaptation, pragmatic China-Africa cooperation, regional integration and lightweight modernization has delivered targeted solutions to Africa’s agricultural bottlenecks, blazing a low-cost, sustainable and localized path toward agricultural modernization.
（一）摒弃粗放模式，推行轻量化、适配型现代农业改造(1) Abandoning Extensive Models and Promoting Lightweight, Adaptive Modern Agricultural Transformation
打破盲目大型机械化的误区，立足非洲细碎化耕地、小农生产为主的基本国情，推行小型化、便携化、低成本的农机改造方案。重点推广适配山地、小块耕地的微型耕种、收割、灌溉设备，配套建立基层农机维修、技术培训体系，让现代化工具适配本土生产场景，大幅提升生产效率。同时，普及科学土壤改良与轮作模式，摒弃刀耕火种的陋习。通过有机肥还田、豆科作物轮作、分区休耕等方式修复土地肥力，马拉维、布基纳法索等国试点适度化肥补贴、科学用量管控政策，在提升玉米等主粮产量的同时，避免土壤透支，实现土地资源可持续利用。筛选推广耐旱、抗灾、高产的本土改良良种，适配非洲气候特征，从根源提升粮食单产与抗风险能力。
It is necessary to abandon the misconception of blind large-scale mechanization. Based on Africa’s fundamental national conditions of fragmented farmlands and dominant smallholder farming, renovation schemes featuring miniaturized, portable and low-cost agricultural machinery shall be rolled out. Priority will be given to popularizing miniature tillage, harvesting and irrigation equipment suitable for mountainous terrains and small plots, alongside grassroots machinery maintenance and technical training systems. This ensures modern tools fit local production conditions and greatly boost productivity. Meanwhile, scientific soil improvement and crop rotation systems should be widely disseminated to discard the outdated slash-and-burn practice. Soil fertility can be restored by returning organic fertilizers to fields, rotating leguminous crops and implementing zoned fallow systems. Countries including Malawi and Burkina Faso have piloted policies of moderate chemical fertilizer subsidies and scientific dosage control, which raise yields of staple grains such as maize while preventing soil overexploitation and realizing sustainable utilization of land resources. Improved local seed varieties with drought resistance, disaster tolerance and high yields are selected and promoted to adapt to African climatic features, fundamentally lifting grain yields per unit area and risk resilience.
（二）补齐基建短板，构建分布式、低成本产销配套体系(2) Making Up for Infrastructure Shortfalls and Building a Distributed, Low-Cost Production and Marketing Support System
结合非洲基础设施薄弱、资金有限的现状，摒弃大规模重资产基建投入模式，推行分布式、小型化、接地气的基建补短板新思路。水利方面，不再建设大型水利枢纽，重点推广田间蓄水池、小型灌溉管网、雨水收集系统，低成本解决旱地种植缺水问题，布基纳法索通过雨水截留灌溉技术，有效保障旱季农作物生长。交通物流方面，优先完善农村田间支路、县域运输通道，搭建短途运输网络；配套建设小型村级仓储、简易冷链设施，大幅降低农产品损耗。依托轻量化基建改造，快速打通“种植—仓储—运输”全链条，以低投入实现高实效，破解产销脱节难题。
Given Africa’s weak infrastructure and limited financial resources, the model of large-scale, capital-intensive infrastructure investment should be abandoned, replaced by an innovative approach to fill infrastructure gaps featuring distributed, small-scale and down-to-earth facilities. In water conservancy, instead of constructing giant water hubs, priority is given to popularizing field reservoirs, mini irrigation pipe networks and rainwater harvesting systems to resolve water shortages for dryland farming at low cost. Burkina Faso has effectively secured crop growth in dry seasons through rainwater interception irrigation technologies. In transportation and logistics, efforts first focus on upgrading rural farm tracks and county-level transport arteries to build short-distance transport networks. Supporting small village-level warehouses and simple cold-chain facilities greatly cut agricultural produce losses. Such lightweight infrastructure upgrades quickly connect the whole chain of cultivation, storage and transportation, delivering remarkable results with limited investment and resolving the disconnection between production and sales.
（三）借力数字赋能，打造智慧农业新生态(3) Leveraging Digital Empowerment to Build a New Smart Agriculture Ecosystem
数字化转型成为非洲农业弯道超车的核心突破口，也是新时代农业发展的核心新思路。依托卫星遥感、物联网、大数据、跨境电商等数字技术，全方位重构非洲农业生产、管理、销售体系。生产端，通过卫星遥感监测耕地面积、土壤墒情、病虫害情况，精准指导农户科学种植、精准施肥、高效防虫，彻底改变靠天吃饭的盲目性；管理端，搭建农业大数据平台，整合气象、耕地、产能数据，为政府农业政策制定、灾害预警提供支撑；销售端，依托跨境电商平台，打破传统中间商垄断，打通本土农产品外销渠道，实现初级产品直供全球，提升农户收益。目前，中非农业数字化合作持续深化，中国数字农业技术、平台模式持续落地非洲，助力非洲农业实现智能化升级。
Digital transformation has become a core breakthrough for African agriculture to achieve leapfrog development, as well as a key innovative path for agricultural development in the new era. Drawing on digital technologies including satellite remote sensing, the Internet of Things, big data and cross-border e-commerce, Africa can comprehensively reshape its agricultural production, management and marketing systems. On the production side, satellite remote sensing monitors cultivated land area, soil moisture and pest infestations to provide precise guidance for farmers on scientific farming, targeted fertilization and efficient pest control, eliminating the blindness of rain-fed farming that relies entirely on natural weather. On the management side, agricultural big data platforms are built to integrate meteorological, land and output data, supporting governments in formulating agricultural policies and issuing disaster early warnings. On the marketing side, cross-border e-commerce platforms break the monopoly of traditional middlemen, open overseas sales channels for local agricultural goods, enable direct supply of primary products to global markets and raise farmers’ incomes. At present, China-Africa cooperation on agricultural digitalization keeps deepening. China’s digital agricultural technologies and platform models are continuously being deployed across Africa, facilitating the intelligent upgrading of African agriculture.
（四）优化产业结构，推动多元种植与全链条产业化(4) Optimizing Industrial Structure to Promote Diversified Crop Cultivation and Full-Chain Industrialization
彻底打破单一经济作物种植的殖民式产业桎梏，推行粮食作物与经济作物均衡种植、多元发展的布局思路。各国立足本土水土条件，扩大玉米、高粱、水稻等主粮种植规模，稳步提升粮食自给率，筑牢粮食安全底线。同时，推动农业全产业链延伸，摆脱原料出口的低端模式。依托本土农产品资源，布局粮食加工、油料压榨、果蔬深加工等产业，延长产业链、提升产品附加值。推动农业与商贸、物流、乡村就业融合发展，培育本土农业企业、家庭农场、专业合作社等新型经营主体，替代传统零散小农模式，实现农业规模化、标准化、产业化发展，让农业成为带动就业、提振经济的核心支柱产业。
It is essential to completely break free from the colonial industrial shackles of monoculture cash crop farming and adopt a development framework featuring balanced cultivation and diversified growth of food crops and cash crops. Based on local soil and water conditions, all countries expand the planting scale of staple grains such as maize, sorghum and rice, steadily raise food self-sufficiency rates and consolidate the bottom line of food security. Meanwhile, efforts are made to extend the full agricultural industrial chain and break away from the low-end model of raw material exports. Relying on local agricultural resources, industries including grain processing, oil pressing and intensive fruit and vegetable processing are developed to extend industrial chains and raise product added value. We will boost integrated development of agriculture with commerce, logistics and rural employment, foster new types of agricultural business entities including local agribusinesses, family farms and specialized cooperatives to replace the traditional scattered smallholder model. This will realize large-scale, standardized and industrialized agricultural development and turn agriculture into a core pillar industry that drives employment and boosts economic growth.
（五）践行生态农业观，走可持续绿色发展之路(5) Practicing the Concept of Ecological Agriculture and Pursuing a Path of Sustainable Green Development
摒弃工业化农业高投入、高污染、高消耗的模式，立足非洲原生生态优势，推广本土化生态农业发展思路。依托本土农耕智慧与自然生态规律，减少化肥、农药等外部投入品依赖，采用生物防虫、生态轮作、林下种植等绿色模式，实现农业生产与生态保护双向共赢。这种农业生态模式成本低廉、适配性强、可持续性高，兼具去殖民化属性，既契合非洲小农生产现状，又能持续修复受损耕地生态，缓解荒漠化、水土流失问题。同时，依托绿色生态农业，培育有机农产品品牌，对接全球高端农产品市场，打造非洲农业差异化竞争优势，实现生态效益、经济效益、社会效益协同提升。
Abandoning the industrial agricultural model featuring high input, high pollution and high resource consumption, we draw on Africa’s unique native ecological strengths to popularize localized ecological agricultural development approaches. Based on indigenous farming wisdom and natural ecological laws, reliance on external inputs such as chemical fertilizers and pesticides is reduced. Eco-friendly practices including biological pest control, ecological crop rotation and agroforestry under tree canopies are adopted to achieve a win-win balance between agricultural production and ecological conservation. Low-cost, highly adaptable and long-lasting, this agroecological model also carries decolonization value. It fits the reality of smallholder farming across Africa, continuously rehabilitates degraded farmland ecosystems, and mitigates desertification and soil erosion. Furthermore, green ecological agriculture enables the cultivation of organic agricultural product brands, connects Africa to high-end global agricultural markets, and builds differentiated competitive edges for African agriculture, thereby delivering coordinated improvements in ecological, economic and social benefits.
（六）强化区域协同与国际合作，整合资源破解发展瓶颈(6) Strengthening Regional Coordination and International Cooperation, and Integrating Resources to Break Development Bottlenecks
依托非盟《2026-2035年非洲农业综合发展计划》，推动非洲农业区域一体化协同发展，打破国别碎片化发展格局。统筹整合非洲耕地、水源、劳动力资源，搭建跨境粮食走廊、农业合作示范区，实现良种、技术、农机、信息跨境共享，提升非洲农业整体抗风险能力与规模化水平。深耕中非农业务实合作，成为非洲农业破局的核心外力支撑。中国立足非洲实际，摒弃传统援助模式，以“技术输出、项目落地、人才培育、产业共建”为核心，开展良种培育、农技培训、基建援建、数字农业共建等合作，为非洲输送适配本土的农业技术与发展模式，帮助非洲构建自主可持续的农业发展体系，彻底摆脱对外依赖。
Relying on the African Union’s Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) for 2026–2035, Africa shall advance coordinated regional agricultural integration and dismantle fragmented national development patterns. By coordinating and pooling the continent’s arable land, water sources and labor resources, cross-border grain corridors and agricultural cooperation demonstration zones will be established to enable cross-border sharing of improved seeds, agricultural technologies, farm machinery and information, thereby lifting Africa’s overall agricultural risk resilience and large-scale operation capacity. In-depth pragmatic China-Africa agricultural cooperation serves as a core external driving force for Africa to overcome agricultural development predicaments. Based on Africa’s local realities, China moves beyond conventional aid models and centers cooperation on technology transfer, project implementation, talent cultivation and joint industrial development. Cooperation initiatives cover improved seed breeding, agricultural technical training, infrastructure assistance and co-construction of digital agriculture. China delivers location-adapted agricultural technologies and development models to Africa, helping the continent build an independent and sustainable agricultural system and achieve full freedom from external reliance.
三、结语III. Conclusion
非洲农业的落后，本质是传统粗放模式与现代化发展脱节、单一殖民产业结构与自主发展需求矛盾、碎片化治理与规模化发展相悖的结构性困境。其老问题根深蒂固，无法通过照搬西方模式、短期资金援助实现根治。而新时代非洲农业的“新”思路，核心要义就是立足本土、因地制宜、轻量高效、生态可持续、合作共发展。从适配小农的轻量化现代农业改造，到数字技术的全域赋能；从生态农业的绿色转型，到区域协同与中非合作的资源整合，全新发展路径精准破解非洲农业各类痛点。未来，随着本土化新模式持续落地、产业链不断完善、合作深度持续加深，非洲必将充分释放农业资源潜力，彻底摆脱粮食困境，实现农业现代化跨越式发展，成为非洲经济振兴的核心动力。
The backwardness of African agriculture essentially stems from structural dilemmas: the disconnection between traditional extensive farming models and modern development, the contradiction between the colonial single-product industrial structure and the demand for independent development, and the conflict between fragmented governance and large-scale industrial advancement. These long-standing deep-rooted problems cannot be fundamentally resolved by mechanically copying Western development models or relying on short-term financial aid. The core essence of the new development philosophy for African agriculture in the new era lies in local adaptation, tailored policy implementation, lightweight and efficient transformation, ecological sustainability, and win-win cooperative development. The innovative development path precisely addresses the various bottlenecks of African agriculture through multi-dimensional upgrades: the lightweight modern agricultural transformation adapted to smallholder production systems, comprehensive empowerment driven by digital technologies, the green transition toward ecological agriculture, as well as resource integration achieved through regional coordination and China-Africa pragmatic cooperation. In the future, with the continuous implementation of localized new models, the steady improvement of industrial chains, and the deepening of international cooperation, Africa will fully unlock the enormous potential of its agricultural resources, completely resolve food security challenges, achieve leapfrog modernization in agriculture, and enable agriculture to become a core driving force for Africa’s economic revitalization.
10个月宝宝每天需要喝多少奶粉？
